CrPC § 232 — Effect of material error

Statutory text (English)

(1) If any Appellate Court, or the High Court
[,or the Court of Session]
in the exercise of its powers of revision or of its powers under Chapter XXVII, is of opinion that any person
convicted of an offence was misled in his defence by the absence of a charge or by an error in the charge, it
shall direct a new trial to be had upon a charge framed in whatever manner it thinks fit.

(2) If the Court is of opinion that the facts of the case are such that no valid charge could be preferred
against the accused in respect of the facts proved, it shall quash the conviction.

Illustration
A is convicted of an offence, under section 196 of the Pakistan Penal Code, (XLV of 1860) upon a
charge which omits to state that he knew the evidence, which he corruptly used or attempted to use as true
or genuine, was false or fabricated. If the Court thinks it probable that A had such knowledge, and that he
was misled in his defence by the omission from the charge of the statement that he had it, it shall direct a
new trial upon an amended charge; but, if it appears probable from the proceedings that A had no such
knowledge, it shall quash the conviction.
Joinder of charges

Source and verification

Source citation: CrPC (Act V of 1898) s.232: Pakistan Code portal consolidated official PDF 'THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE' (Act No. V of 1898, last amended 2017-02-16), p. 109, ingested 2026-09-15. Automated transcription from official source (pypdf extraction, audited artifact repair); human admin re-check required before production.

Verification status: verified · Text status: auto_transcribed_verified_source

The record cites an official source, but its transcription is automated or only partly checked; a human re-check is pending.

Official Urdu text status: pending_official_urdu_text. Where official Urdu wording has not been sourced, Qanoon does not substitute an unverified translation for the statutory text.

Historical text notes

1 historical record is linked to this section. Historical wording may be incomplete or pending verification; it is not presented as current law.

• Date not confirmed: Consolidated current text as published in the official Pakistan Code PDF (p. 109) — reflects all amendments recorded in the official footnotes up to ingest date 2026-09-15. Automated transcription; per-amendment…

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