QSO 1984 § Article 28 — Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional

Statutory text (English)

When
there is a question whether an act was accidental or intentional, or done with a
particular knowledge or intention, the fact that such act formed part of a series or
similar occurrence, in each of which the person doing the act was concerned, is relevant.
Illustrations
(a) A is accused of burning down his house in order to obtain money for which it
is insured.
The facts that A lived in several houses successively each of which he
insured, in each of which a fire occurred, and after each of which fires A
received payment from different insurance officers, are relevant, as tending to
show that the fires were not accidental.
(b) A is employed to receive money from the debtors of B. It is A's duty to make
entries in a book showing the amounts received by him. He makes an entry
showing that on a particular occasion he received less than he really did
receive.
The question is whether this false entry was accidental or intentional.
The facts that other entries made by A in the same book are false, and that the
false entry is in each case in favour of A, are relevant.
(c) A is accused of fraudulently delivering to B a counterfeit rupee.
The question is, whether the delivery of the rupee was accidental.
The facts that, soon before or soon after the delivery to B, A delivered
counterfeit rupees to C, D and E are relevant as showing that the delivery to B
was not accidental.

Source and verification

Source citation: Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (P.O. No. X of 1984) Art. 28: Pakistan Code portal consolidated official PDF 'THE QANUN-E-SHAHADAT ORDER 1984 (LAW OF EVIDENCE)' (P.O. No. X of 1984, last amended 2017-02-16 incl. Act No. IV of 2017), p. 24, 25, ingested 2026-09-15. Automated transcription from official source (pypdf extraction, audited artifact repair); human admin re-check required before production.

Verification status: verified · Text status: auto_transcribed_verified_source

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Official Urdu text status: pending_official_urdu_text. Where official Urdu wording has not been sourced, Qanoon does not substitute an unverified translation for the statutory text.

Historical text notes

1 historical record is linked to this section. Historical wording may be incomplete or pending verification; it is not presented as current law.

• Date not confirmed: Consolidated current text as published in the official Pakistan Code PDF (p. 24, 25) — reflects all amendments recorded in the official footnotes up to ingest date 2026-09-15. Automated transcription; per-amendment…

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