Qanoon Pakistan Law Reference

federal law · 1984

Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (QSO 1984)

Browse 166 section records currently available for this law in Qanoon. Open a section to read the English text, source citation and record-level verification status.

Qanoon publishes entries from its local law bundle and does not assume a code is complete simply because it appears in this catalogue. The ingestion and verification status for this code is pending_verification. Source note: P.O. No. X of 1984; Pakistan Code portal consolidated official PDF 'THE QANUN-E-SHAHADAT ORDER 1984 (LAW OF EVIDENCE)' (last amended 2017-02-16, incl. Act No. IV of 2017 which inserted Art. 164 on modern-device evidence), articles on pp. 7-67, ingested 2026-09-15. All 166 articles transcribed; no numbering gaps. Automated transcription; human admin re-check required before production. Bulk auto-transcription 2026-09-15 (v6): FULL Order ingested — all 166 articles from the official Pakistan Code consolidated PDF…

Section index

  1. § Article 1 — Short title, extent and commencement
  2. § Article 2 — Interpretation
  3. § Article 3 — Who may testify
  4. § Article 4 — Judges and Magistrates
  5. § Article 5 — Communications during marriage
  6. § Article 6 — Evidence as to affairs of State
  7. § Article 7 — Official communications
  8. § Article 8 — Information as to commission of offences
  9. § Article 9 — Professional communications
  10. § Article 10 — Article 9 to apply to interpreters, etc
  11. § Article 11 — Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence: If any party to a suit gives
  12. § Article 12 — Confidential communications with legal advisers
  13. § Article 13 — Production of title deed of witness, not a party
  14. § Article 14 — Production of documents which another person, having possession, could
  15. § Article 15 — Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate
  16. § Article 16 — Accomplice
  17. § Article 17 — Competence and number of witnesses
  18. § Article 18 — Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts
  19. § Article 19 — Relevancy of facts forming part of some transaction
  20. § Article 20 — Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue
  21. § Article 21 — Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct
  22. § Article 22 — Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts
  23. § Article 23 — Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design
  24. § Article 24 — When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant
  25. § Article 25 — In suits for damages facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are
  26. § Article 26 — Facts relevant when right or custom is in question
  27. § Article 27 — Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, or bodily feeling
  28. § Article 28 — Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional
  29. § Article 29 — Existence of course of business when relevant
  30. § Article 30 — Admission defined
  31. § Article 31 — Admission by party to proceeding or his agent, etc
  32. § Article 32 — Admission by persons whose position must be proved as against party to
  33. § Article 33 — Admission by persons expressly referred to by party to suit
  34. § Article 34 — Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on this
  35. § Article 35 — When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant
  36. § Article 36 — Admissions in civil cases when relevant
  37. § Article 37 — Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in
  38. § Article 38 — Confession to police-officer not to be proved
  39. § Article 39 — Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him
  40. § Article 40 — How much of information received from accused may be proved
  41. § Article 41 — Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise,
  42. § Article 42 — Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy,
  43. § Article 43 — Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under
  44. § Article 44 — Accused persons to be liable to cross-examination
  45. § Article 45 — Admission not conclusive proof but may estop
  46. § Article 46 — Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc
  47. § Article 47 — Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts
  48. § Article 48 — Entries in books of account when relevant
  49. § Article 49 — Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty
  50. § Article 50 — Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans
  51. § Article 51 — Relevancy of statements as to fact of public nature, contained in certain Acts or
  52. § Article 52 — Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books
  53. § Article 53 — What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, book
  54. § Article 54 — Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial
  55. § Article 55 — Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc
  56. § Article 56 — Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in
  57. § Article 57 — Judgments, etc
  58. § Article 58 — Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or Incompetency of Court, may
  59. § Article 59 — Opinions of experts
  60. § Article 60 — Facts bearing upon opinions of experts
  61. § Article 61 — Opinion as to hand-writing when relevant
  62. § Article 62 — Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant
  63. § Article 63 — Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc
  64. § Article 64 — Opinion on relationship when relevant
  65. § Article 65 — Grounds of opinion when relevant
  66. § Article 66 — In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed irrelevant
  67. § Article 67 — In criminal cases previous good character relevant
  68. § Article 68 — Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply
  69. § Article 69 — Character as affecting damages
  70. § Article 70 — Proof of facts by oral evidence
  71. § Article 71 — Oral evidence must be direct
  72. § Article 72 — Proof of contents of documents
  73. § Article 73 — Primary evidence
  74. § Article 74 — Secondary evidence
  75. § Article 75 — Proof of documents by primary evidence
  76. § Article 76 — Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given
  77. § Article 77 — Rules as to notice to produce
  78. § Article 78 — Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document
  79. § Article 79 — Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested
  80. § Article 80 — Proof where no attesting witness found
  81. § Article 81 — Admission of execution by party to attested document
  82. § Article 82 — Proof when attesting witness denies the execution
  83. § Article 83 — Proof of document not required by law to be attested
  84. § Article 84 — Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved
  85. § Article 85 — Public documents
  86. § Article 86 — Private documents
  87. § Article 87 — Certified copies of public documents
  88. § Article 88 — Proof of documents by production of certified Copies
  89. § Article 89 — Proof of other public documents
  90. § Article 90 — Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies
  91. § Article 91 — Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence
  92. § Article 92 — Presumption as to genuineness of documents kept under any law
  93. § Article 93 — Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government
  94. § Article 94 — Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decision
  95. § Article 95 — Presumption as to powers-of-attorney
  96. § Article 96 — Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records
  97. § Article 97 — Presumption as to books, maps and charts
  98. § Article 98 — Presumption as to telegraphic messages
  99. § Article 99 — Presumption as to due execution, etc
  100. § Article 100 — Presumption as to documents thirty years old
  101. § Article 101 — Certified copies of documents thirty years old
  102. § Article 102 — Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other disposition of property reduced to
  103. § Article 103 — Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement
  104. § Article 104 — Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts
  105. § Article 105 — Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts
  106. § Article 106 — Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several
  107. § Article 107 — Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts to neither of which the
  108. § Article 108 — Evidence as to meaning of illegible character, etc
  109. § Article 109 — Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document
  110. § Article 110 — Saving of provisions of Succession Act relating to wills
  111. § Article 111 — Fact Judicially noticeable need not be proved
  112. § Article 112 — Facts of which Court must take judicial notice
  113. § Article 113 — Facts admitted need not be proved
  114. § Article 114 — Estoppel
  115. § Article 115 — Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession
  116. § Article 116 — Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange bailee or licensee
  117. § Article 117 — Burden of proof
  118. § Article 118 — On whom burden of proof lies
  119. § Article 119 — Burden of proof as to particular fact
  120. § Article 120 — Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible
  121. § Article 121 — Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions
  122. § Article 122 — Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge
  123. § Article 123 — Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years
  124. § Article 124 — Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years
  125. § Article 125 — Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant,
  126. § Article 126 — Burden of proof as to ownership
  127. § Article 127 — Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active
  128. § Article 128 — Birth during marriage conclusive proof of legitimacy
  129. § Article 129 — Court may presume existence of certain facts
  130. § Article 130 — Order of production and examination of witnesses
  131. § Article 131 — Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence
  132. § Article 132 — Examination-in-chief, etc
  133. § Article 133 — Order of examinations
  134. § Article 134 — Cross-examination of person called to produce a document
  135. § Article 135 — Witnesses to character
  136. § Article 136 — Leading questions
  137. § Article 137 — When leading questions must not be asked
  138. § Article 138 — When leading questions may be asked
  139. § Article 139 — Evidence as to matters in writing
  140. § Article 140 — Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing
  141. § Article 141 — Questions lawful in cross-examination
  142. § Article 142 — When witness to be compelled to answer
  143. § Article 143 — Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer
  144. § Article 144 — Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds
  145. § Article 145 — Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds
  146. § Article 146 — Indecent and scandalous question
  147. § Article 147 — Procedure of Court in cases of defamation, libel and slander
  148. § Article 148 — Questions intended to insult or annoy
  149. § Article 149 — Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing
  150. § Article 150 — Question by party to his own witness
  151. § Article 151 — Impeaching credit of witness
  152. § Article 152 — Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact admissible
  153. § Article 153 — Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same
  154. § Article 154 — What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under
  155. § Article 155 — Refreshing memory
  156. § Article 156 — Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in Article 155
  157. § Article 157 — Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory
  158. § Article 158 — Production of documents
  159. § Article 159 — Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice
  160. § Article 160 — Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice
  161. § Article 161 — Judge's power to put questions or order production
  162. § Article 162 — No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence
  163. § Article 163 — Acceptance or denial of claim on oath
  164. § Article 164 — Production of evidence that has become available because of modern devices, etc
  165. § Article 165 — Order to override other laws
  166. § Article 166 — Repeal

Using this index carefully

Section titles and transcriptions are reference aids. The record-level page shows the citation and whether its transcription has been reviewed. Laws can be amended and a consolidated copy can lag behind an official gazette; compare the cited source with the most recent official publication before relying on a provision.