QSO 1984 § Article 76 — Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given

Statutory text (English)

Secondary
evidence may be given of the existence, condition or contents of a document in the following cases:
—
(a) when the original is shown or appears to be in the possession or power of the person
against whom the document is sought to be proved, or of any person out of reach of, or
not subject to, the process of the Court, or of any person legally bound to produce it, and
when after the notice mentioned in Article 77 such person does not produce it;
(b) when the existence, condition or contents of the original have been proved to be admitted
in writing by the person against whom it is proved or by his representative-in- interest;
(c) when the original has been destroyed or lost, or when the party offering evidence of its
contents cannot, for any other reason not arising from his own default or neglect, produce
it in reasonable time ;
(d) when, due to the volume or bulk of the original, copies thereof have been made by means
of microfilming or other modern devices ;
(e) when the original is of such a nature as not to be easily movable ;
(f) when the original is public document within the meaning of Article 85 ;
(g) when the original is a document of which a certified copy is permitted by this Order, or by
any other law in force in Pakistan, to be given in evidence ;
(h) when the originals consist of numerous accounts or other documents which
cannot conveniently be examined in Court, and the fact to be proved is the
general result of the whole collection ;
(i) when an original document forming part of a judicial record is not available
and only a certified copy thereof is available, certified copy of that certified
copy shall also be admissible as a secondary evidence.
In cases (a), (c), (d) and (e), any secondary evidence of the contents of the
document is admissible.
In case (b), the written admission is admissible.
In case (f) or (g), certified copy of the document, but no other kind of
secondary evidence, is admissible.
In case (h), evidence may be given as to the general result of the documents by
any person who has examined them, and who is skilled in the examination of
such document.

Source and verification

Source citation: Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (P.O. No. X of 1984) Art. 76: Pakistan Code portal consolidated official PDF 'THE QANUN-E-SHAHADAT ORDER 1984 (LAW OF EVIDENCE)' (P.O. No. X of 1984, last amended 2017-02-16 incl. Act No. IV of 2017), p. 41, 42, ingested 2026-09-15. Automated transcription from official source (pypdf extraction, audited artifact repair); human admin re-check required before production.

Verification status: verified · Text status: auto_transcribed_verified_source

The record cites an official source, but its transcription is automated or only partly checked; a human re-check is pending.

Official Urdu text status: pending_official_urdu_text. Where official Urdu wording has not been sourced, Qanoon does not substitute an unverified translation for the statutory text.

Historical text notes

1 historical record is linked to this section. Historical wording may be incomplete or pending verification; it is not presented as current law.

• Date not confirmed: Consolidated current text as published in the official Pakistan Code PDF (p. 41, 42) — reflects all amendments recorded in the official footnotes up to ingest date 2026-09-15. Automated transcription; per-amendment…

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