QSO 1984 § Article 22 — Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts

Statutory text (English)

Facts necessary to
explain or introduce a fact in issue or relevant fact, or which support or rebut an
inference suggested by a fact in issue or relevant fact, or which establish the identity of
anything or person whose identity is relevant, or fix the time or place at which any fact
in issue or relevant fact happened, or which show the relation of parties by whom any
such fact was transacted, are relevant in so far as they are necessary for that purpose.
Illustrations
(a) The question is, whether a given document is the will of A.
The state of A's property and of his family at the date of the alleged will may
be relevant facts.
(b) A sues B for a libel imputing disgraceful conduct to A; B affirms that the
matter alleged to be libellous is true.
The position and relations of the parties at the time when the libel was
published may be relevant facts as introductory to the facts in issue.
The particulars of a dispute between A and B about a matter unconnected
with the alleged libel are irrelevant, though the fact that there was a dispute
may be relevant if it affected the relations between A and B.
(c) A is accused of a crime.
The fact that, soon after the commission of the crime, A absconded from his
house, is relevant under Article 21, as conduct subsequent to and affected by
facts in issue.
The fact that at the time when he left home he had sudden and urgent business
at the place to which he went is relevant, as tending to explain the fact that he
left home suddenly.
The details of the business on which he left are not relevant, except in so far
as they are necessary to show that the business was sudden and urgent.
(d) A sues B for inducing C to break a contract of service made by him with A.
C, on leaving A's service, says to A "I am leaving you because B has made me
a better offer". This statement is a relevant fact as explanatory of C's conduct,
which is relevant as a fact in issue.
(e) A, accused of theft, is seen to give the stolen property to B, who is seen to
give it to A's wife. B, says as he delivers it: "A says you are to hide this." B's
statement is relevant as explanatory of a fact which is part of the transaction.
(f) A is tried for a riot and is proved to have marched at the head of a mob. The
cries of the mob are relevant as explanatory of the nature of the transaction.

Source and verification

Source citation: Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (P.O. No. X of 1984) Art. 22: Pakistan Code portal consolidated official PDF 'THE QANUN-E-SHAHADAT ORDER 1984 (LAW OF EVIDENCE)' (P.O. No. X of 1984, last amended 2017-02-16 incl. Act No. IV of 2017), p. 18, 19, ingested 2026-09-15. Automated transcription from official source (pypdf extraction, audited artifact repair); human admin re-check required before production.

Verification status: verified · Text status: auto_transcribed_verified_source

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Official Urdu text status: pending_official_urdu_text. Where official Urdu wording has not been sourced, Qanoon does not substitute an unverified translation for the statutory text.

Historical text notes

1 historical record is linked to this section. Historical wording may be incomplete or pending verification; it is not presented as current law.

• Date not confirmed: Consolidated current text as published in the official Pakistan Code PDF (p. 18, 19) — reflects all amendments recorded in the official footnotes up to ingest date 2026-09-15. Automated transcription; per-amendment…

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