QSO 1984 § Article 23 — Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design

Statutory text (English)

Where
there is reasonable ground to believe that two or more persons have conspired together
to commit an offence or an actionable wrong anything said, done or written by any one
of such persons in reference to their common intention, after the time when such
intention was first entertained by any one of them, is a relevant fact as against each of
the persons believed to be so conspiring, as well for the purpose of proving the
existence of the conspiracy as for the purpose of showing that any such person was a
party to it.
Illustrations
Reasonable ground exists for believing that A has joined in a conspiracy to wage war
against Pakistan.
The facts that B procured arms in Europe for the purpose of the conspiracy, C
collected money in Peshawar for a like object, D persuaded persons to join the
conspiracy in Karachi, E published writings advocating the object in view at Multan,
and F transmitted from Lahore to G at Kabul the money which C had collected at
Peshawar and contents of a letter written by H giving an account of the conspiracy are
each relevant, both to prove the existence of the conspiracy, and to prove A's complicity
in it, although he may have been ignorant of all of them, and although the persons by
whom they were done were strangers to him and although they may have been taken
place before he joined the conspiracy or after he left it.

Source and verification

Source citation: Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (P.O. No. X of 1984) Art. 23: Pakistan Code portal consolidated official PDF 'THE QANUN-E-SHAHADAT ORDER 1984 (LAW OF EVIDENCE)' (P.O. No. X of 1984, last amended 2017-02-16 incl. Act No. IV of 2017), p. 19, ingested 2026-09-15. Automated transcription from official source (pypdf extraction, audited artifact repair); human admin re-check required before production.

Verification status: verified · Text status: auto_transcribed_verified_source

The record cites an official source, but its transcription is automated or only partly checked; a human re-check is pending.

Official Urdu text status: pending_official_urdu_text. Where official Urdu wording has not been sourced, Qanoon does not substitute an unverified translation for the statutory text.

Historical text notes

1 historical record is linked to this section. Historical wording may be incomplete or pending verification; it is not presented as current law.

• Date not confirmed: Consolidated current text as published in the official Pakistan Code PDF (p. 19) — reflects all amendments recorded in the official footnotes up to ingest date 2026-09-15. Automated transcription; per-amendment version…

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