QSO 1984 § Article 59 — Opinions of experts

Statutory text (English)

When the Court has to form an opinion upon a point of
foreign law, or of science, or art, or as to identity Of hand-writing or finger impressions,
1[or as to authenticity and integrity of electronic documents made by or through an
information system] the opinions upon that point of persons specially skilled in such
foreign law, science or art, or in questions as to identity of hand-writing or finger
impressions 1[or as to the functioning, specifications, programming and operations of
information systems, are relevant facts.]
Such persons are called experts.
Illustrations
(a) The question is, whether the death of A was caused by poison. The opinion of
experts as to the symptoms produced by the poison by which A is supposed
to have died, are relevant.

(6) The question is, whether A, at the time of doing a certain act, was by
reason of unsoundness of mind, incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or
that he was doing what was either wrong or contrary to law.
The opinions of experts upon the question whether the symptoms exhibited
by A commonly show unsoundness of mind, and whether such unsoundness
of mind usually renders persons incapable of knowing the nature of the acts
which they do, or of knowing that what they do is either wrong or contrary to
law, are relevant.
(c) The question is, whether a certain document was written by A. Another document is
produced which is proved or admitted to have been written by A.
The opinions of experts on the question whether the two documents were written by the
same person or by different persons, are relevant.

Source and verification

Source citation: Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (P.O. No. X of 1984) Art. 59: Pakistan Code portal consolidated official PDF 'THE QANUN-E-SHAHADAT ORDER 1984 (LAW OF EVIDENCE)' (P.O. No. X of 1984, last amended 2017-02-16 incl. Act No. IV of 2017), p. 36, 37, ingested 2026-09-15. Automated transcription from official source (pypdf extraction, audited artifact repair); human admin re-check required before production.

Verification status: verified · Text status: auto_transcribed_verified_source

The record cites an official source, but its transcription is automated or only partly checked; a human re-check is pending.

Official Urdu text status: pending_official_urdu_text. Where official Urdu wording has not been sourced, Qanoon does not substitute an unverified translation for the statutory text.

Historical text notes

1 historical record is linked to this section. Historical wording may be incomplete or pending verification; it is not presented as current law.

• Date not confirmed: Consolidated current text as published in the official Pakistan Code PDF (p. 36, 37) — reflects all amendments recorded in the official footnotes up to ingest date 2026-09-15. Automated transcription; per-amendment…

Read this provision with care

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