QSO 1984 § Article 102 — Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other disposition of property reduced to

Statutory text (English)

form of document. When the terms of a contract, or of a grant, or of any other disposition of
property, have been reduced to the form of a document, and in all cases in which any matter is
required by law to be reduced to the form of a document, no evidence shall be given in proof of the
terms of such contract, grant or other disposition of property, or of such matter, except the document
itself, or secondary evidence of its contents in cases in which secondary evidence is admissible under
the provisions hereinbefore contained.
Exception 1.— When a public officer is required by law to be appointed in writing, and when it is
shown that any particular person has acted as such officer, the writing by which he is appointed need
not be proved.
Exception 2.— Wills admitted to probate in Pakistan may be proved by the probate.

Explanation 1.—This Article applies equally to cases in which the contracts, grants or dispositions
of property referred to are contained in one document and to cases in which they are contained in
more documents than one.

Explanation 2.— Where there are more originals than one, one original only need be proved.

Explanation 3.—The statement, in any document whatever, of a fact other than the facts referred
to in this Article, shall not preclude the admission of oral evidence as to the same fact.

Illustration
(a) If a contract be contained in several letters, all the letters in which it is contained must be
proved.
(b) If a contract is contained in a bill of exchange, the bill of exchange must be proved.
(c) If a bill of exchange is drawn in a set of three, one only deed be proved.
(d) A contracts, in writing with B, for the delivery of indigo upon certain terms. The contract
mentions the fact that B had paid A the price of other indigo contracted for verbally on
another occasion.
Oral evidence is offered that no payment was made for the other indigo. The evidence is
admissible.
(e) A gives B a receipt for money paid by B. Oral evidence is offered of the payment. The
evidence is admissible.

Source and verification

Source citation: Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (P.O. No. X of 1984) Art. 102: Pakistan Code portal consolidated official PDF 'THE QANUN-E-SHAHADAT ORDER 1984 (LAW OF EVIDENCE)' (P.O. No. X of 1984, last amended 2017-02-16 incl. Act No. IV of 2017), p. 47, 48, ingested 2026-09-15. Automated transcription from official source (pypdf extraction, audited artifact repair); human admin re-check required before production.

Verification status: verified · Text status: auto_transcribed_verified_source

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Official Urdu text status: pending_official_urdu_text. Where official Urdu wording has not been sourced, Qanoon does not substitute an unverified translation for the statutory text.

Historical text notes

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• Date not confirmed: Consolidated current text as published in the official Pakistan Code PDF (p. 47, 48) — reflects all amendments recorded in the official footnotes up to ingest date 2026-09-15. Automated transcription; per-amendment…

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